Low-cost diabetes drug limits cancer risk

An inexpensive drug used to treat type 2 diabetes appears to prevent a number of natural and man-made chemicals from stimulating the growth of breast cancer cells. The research, published in the journal PLoS One, provides biological evidence for previously reported epidemiological surveys that long-term use of the drug metformin for type 2 diabetes reduces the risk of diabetes-associated cancers, such as breast cancers. “People with type 2 diabetes are known to be at high risk for several diabetes-associated cancers, such as breast, liver, and pancreatic cancers,” says Michigan State University pediatrics professor James Trosko. “While metformin has been shown in population studies to reduce the risk of these cancers, there was no evidence of how it worked.” For the study, Trosko and colleagues from South Korea’s Seoul National University focused on the concept that cancers originate from adult human stem cells and that there are many natural and man-made chemicals that enhance the growth of breast cancer cells. Using culture dishes, they grew miniature human breast tumors, or mammospheres, that activated a certain stem cell gene (Oct4A). Then the mammospheres were exposed to natural estrogen—a known growth factor and potential breast tumor promoter—and man-made chemicals that are known to promote tumors or disrupt the endocrine system. The team found that estrogen and the chemicals caused the mammospheres to increase in numbers and size. However, with metformin added, the numbers and size of the mammospheres were dramatically reduced. While each of the chemicals enhanced growth by different means, metformin seemed to be able to inhibit their stimulated growth in all cases. “While future studies are needed to understand the exact mechanism by which metformin works to reduce the growth of breast cancers, this study reveals the need to determine if the drug might be used as a preventive drug and for individuals who have no indication of any existing cancers,” Trosko says. “Though we still do not know the exact molecular mechanism by which it works, metformin seems to dramatically affect how estrogen and endocrine-disrupting chemicals cause the pre-existing breast cancers to grow.” In addition, further research needs to be done with human cultures to see if metformin can reduce the risk of pancreatic and liver cancers in type 2 diabetics as well, he says.