Tower of Babel hampers solution to debt crisis

As Europe considers a leap toward closer integration to try to save the euro single currency, it resembles the biblical Tower of Babel – unable to complete an ambitious project because the residents don’t speak the same political and economic language. The spotlight is on Germany, France, Italy and Spain, the euro area’s four biggest economies, wrestling over proposals for a banking union, joint eurozone bonds and handing more control over national budgets and economic policy to the European Union. But Europe’s Babel features 27 often fierce national debates in member states, each of which has the power to block any change to EU treaties, including 10 countries which are not members of the currency. Each national argument uses a different political vocabulary and historical context, making them hard to reconcile at the best of times and harder still when the going gets tough. While investors are looking for quick, bold solutions to restore confidence in the euro, Europe’s patchwork politics make rapid strides fearsomely difficult, if not impossible. Each major step is subject to ratification by national parliaments or referendums, which can easily trip the project up. How the debate is framed may determine the outcome. In Germany, it is a morality play about making profligate “deficit sinners” atone and do their “homework,” instilling a “stability culture” (low inflation, low debt) and enforcing a “savings policy” (austerity). It is no accident that “Schulden,” the German for debt, doubles as the word for “guilt.” To Chancellor Angela Merkel, the key to the euro’s survival is to enforce the rules of budget discipline strictly and make Europe more competitive through economic reforms, not to dilute responsibility by sharing debt. In France, it is all about “saving the euro” by showing more “solidarity” with southern countries, seen largely as “victims” of “speculation” rather than as fiscal villains. The French see the single currency above all as a political rather than an economic project – a geopolitical status symbol, a potential trade weapon and a way of ensuring Europe punches its weight in a multipolar world. In recent weeks, the slogan of the nationalist French right after World War I – “L’Allemagne paiera” (Germany will pay) – has again been whispered in Paris, this time mostly on the left. This struggle for the soul of Europe was encapsulated in an exchange between Merkel and French President Francois Hollande after talks with Italian and Spanish leaders in Rome last week. “Where solidarity is given, control must also be possible,” Merkel said. “Liability and control belong together.” Hollande replied: “There can be no transfer of sovereignty if there is not an improvement in solidarity.” Franco-German tensions are nothing new in the history of European integration. They were intense in the run-up to the creation of Economic and Monetary Union at the 1991 Maastricht summit, shortly after Germany was reunited. But the balance of power has tilted towards Berlin, while the proliferation of new member states and institutions has multiplied the checks and balances at the risk of fatally slowing European decision making. In Italy and Spain, the refrain is that the debt crisis is a problem for the whole eurozone, not just for Rome or Madrid, and that it can only be solved by mutualizing Europe’s debts rather than imposing tough austerity on debtors. Spanish and Italian leaders seem at times to be trying to capture Merkel’s attention by threatening economic suicide and warning that they could take the euro down with them. With such different narratives, it is hard to see how the deep political commitment to preserve the eurozone, and even a growing awareness of the economic catastrophe that might follow a breakup, can generate decisive action to arrest the crisis. A virtual tour of some smaller eurozone countries, whose voices are often heard only when they throw a spanner in the works or need a bailout, illustrates how hard it will be to build a consensus for a more federal system. From Amsterdam to Athens, the political builders of monetary union and business leaders still believe in it wholeheartedly, and many lament the fact that construction stopped half way. But a significant chunk of the electorate has turned against the euro, making it much harder for governments to endorse any major leap in European integration. Mainstream politicians are adjusting as they look nervously over their shoulder at the rise of forces like Geert Wilders’ Freedom Party and the hard-left Socialists in the Netherlands, the anti-euro Finns Party in Finland, Italy’s maverick Five Star Movement and the far-right Austrian Freedom Party. A first attempt to create an anti-euro party is under way in Germany, Europe’s biggest economy and the main contributor to eurozone bailouts, but pollsters doubt the Bavaria-based Free Voters will make it into the federal parliament in October 2013. Even in Europhile Italy – a country that long regarded “more Europe” as a desirable alternative to its own shortcomings in governance – the fast growing protest movement led by comic Beppe Grillo is outspokenly anti-euro. Former Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, who still heads Italy’s main conservative party, has turned more skeptical since being ousted from power last November, saying on his Facebook page last week that “leaving the euro is not a blasphemy.” A Pew Research Center poll published in May found 40 percent of Italians want to go back to the lira, a notoriously weak currency. Europe’s economic crisis has accelerated a splintering of the political landscape that makes it harder to form a coherent government in countries such as the Netherlands, Belgium and Italy. That could make ratifying any new EU treaty a nightmare. From TheDailyStar